The Antonine Plague - the germs that killed an empire

Welcome to the home of the Roma Nova thrillers. Please look around while you are here.

Nails and horses, a stitch in time, plugging a hole, greasing a cartridge, dropping a letter, not changing the batteries – all tiny things which can spark off heavy consequences. And a great technique for writers to plant an insignificant seed at the beginning of their book which later becomes a full-blooming crisis. The clever reader picks it up and thinks ‘Aha!’. And the clever writer scatters a load of them to attempt to confuse the clever reader…

But nobody could have foreseen the catastrophic effect tiny germs could have on the largest superpower the world had ever seen.

In AD 165 a plague hit the Roman Empire which by AD 180 had killed thirty percent of the population.

A pandemic followed soldiers returning home from campaigns in the Middle East. Army units lived in tight quarters, whether tents or barracks, and while generally well fed, they often fought or trained to exhaustion. And let’s not mention illness or wounds…Even if not messengers or liaison  officers, they moved between different units, regrouping as military circumstances required.

So, what was it? Many scholars believe it was an outbreak of smallpox. The most definitive account comes from the Greek physician Galen, who witnessed multiple outbreaks firsthand. Galen described numerous unpleasant symptoms, but one that stands out is pustules or boils which sound similar to the characteristics of smallpox. Some historians think that Galen was describing two different strains of the smallpox virus in his notes, which would explain why the disease remained deadly over a 20-year period.

It rampaged throughout the Empire from Persia to Spain and from Britain to Egypt. It probably killed Lucius Verus, the co-emperor and brother of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. For the first time, the Roman military started accepting significant auxiliary units in the form of Germanic tribes who fought under their own autonomous Germanic commanders which began the process of de-Romanizing the Roman army.

The impact of this was so great politically and morally that the plague was called ‘Antonine’ after the brothers’ family name. In AD 178  it caused 2,000 deaths a day in Rome, a quarter of those infected, according to Roman historian Dio Cassius.  Total deaths are reckoned at around five million.

The results were catastrophic:

  • it decimated (reduced by 1 in 10) the Roman Army, by now consisting mostly of non-Italians and struggling against barbarians in the north and Persians in the east
  • it cut a naturally dwindling population by a third, wiping out whole villages, even towns
  • it shrank the labour force
  • it diminished the reliability of transport links,
  • it weakened trade, so wrecking the whole economy
  • it promoted increasing religious fervour which split Romans from their traditional martial and pragmatic values
  • and all these combined to reinforce social disintegration.

In brief, the Antonine Plague may well have created the conditions for the decline of the Roman Empire and, afterwards, for its fall in the West in the fifth century AD.

So it’s not only taxes, corruption and apathy that get you, but the tiny little bugs.

Today’s suggestion: keep washing your hands, maintain your distance and wear a face covering/mask on transport and in shops.

 

Alison Morton is the author of Roma Nova thrillers –  INCEPTIO,  PERFIDITAS,  SUCCESSIO,  AURELIA,  INSURRECTIO  and RETALIO.  CARINA, a novella, and ROMA NOVA EXTRA, a collection of short stories, are now available.  Audiobooks are available for four of the series. NEXUS, an Aurelia Mitela novella, is now out.

Download ‘Welcome to Roma Nova’, a FREE eBook, as a thank you gift when you sign up to Alison’s monthly email newsletter. You’ll also be first to know about Roma Nova news and book progress before everybody else, and take part in giveaways.

Christmas cake and childhood memories that make us… and our characters.

The minute I announced on Twitter that today I was going to make
The Christmas Cake,  memories of cinnamon, oranges, brandy and cake mix poured into my head.

I saw myself aged six or seven standing by my mother at the kitchen table. It was half-term and my mother, a teacher, had that precious week at home. I reached up to take the wooden spoon she offered and stirred the mixture in the caramel-coloured white-lined earthenware bowl. I closed my eyes and made a wish.

Many years later, my own six year old son standing on tip-toe, eyes shiny, cheeky grin, finger poised to pinch some of the cake mixture, was initiated into the Christmas cake stirring and wishing ritual.

These memories open the door to what we are, what we aspire to be and what we hope our legacy will be.

Ditto our characters. What did they do at six or seven? You don’t need to tell your readers, but you do need to know.

 

The mysterious Lesley Cookman…

I’m delighted to welcome author Lesley Cookman to my blog today. Born in Guildford, Surrey, Lesley spent her early life in south London, before marrying and moving all over the south-east of England. Lesley fell into feature writing by accident, then went on to reviewing for both magazines and radio. She writes for the stage, she has written short fiction for women’s weekly magazines and is a former editor of The Call Boy, the British Music Hall Society journal. Her first Libby Sarjeant novel, Murder In Steeple Martin, was published to much acclaim in 2006.

How did you get started? I began by writing interminable pony stories in Woolworth’s exersise books as a child. Like many writers, I have written all my life, but again, like most novelists, I never considered I could do it for a living!

What draws you to your particular genre? My parents let me loose on their books when, at the age of about nine, I ran out of books of my own to read. (Between visits to the library.) So I began on Ngaio Marsh, John Dickson Carr and Rex Stout, all crime writers, and that was it. Mind you, they also let me read Thorne Smith who, at the time, was very racy. I think they assumed the naughty bits would go over my head.

How was Libby Sarjeant born? Was she a character running round in your head that you always wanted to write about?  No, she just appeared in my head fully formed. Funnily enough, the particular setting changed when I began to write the first book, so obviously that first one wasn’t where she really lived.

What makes such a heroine e.g. sleuth, police detective, so attractive to readers? The writer makes the character attractive, and if she/he doesn’t, then there’s no chance for the series – because that’s what readers are interested in – the series. Readers tell me reading my books is like relaxing with old friends, and that’s exactly how I felt when I first began reading crime. I couldn’t wait until a new book by one of my favourite authors came out because I liked the regular characters. The difficulty is maintaining the interest with new plots, which, for an amateur sleuth, is just a tad awkward…

To plot or not to plot? Are you a planner or do you just dive in? Dive in. I know a rough idea, but rarely do I know the murderer, the murderee, how it’s done or anything else about it. Then the pictures start to form and I plough ahead. This frequently lands me in hot water, like the time my editor told me I had to find a new murderer because the current one was far too sympathetic. Or in my current one, where, a few chapters in, I’ve discovered my murder method, on which the whole story hangs, is impossible. Cue complete rewrite, putting me somewhat behind!

What is the hardest part of the writing process for you? Keeping it going. And keeping myself motivated to sit at my desk day after day.

Do you enjoy research, and how do you set about it? I do most of my research on the internet, usually as I come across a problem in the story. I also use social networking sites to ask questions, and usually there’s someone out there who can help.

How do you develop your characters? I don’t, I’m afraid! They all appear fully formed, just as Libby did. I occasionally have to find out back story for them, but they’ll usually tell me. I know what they all look like, sound like and think like. I was delighted when at a recent library event the audience started telling me what my characters would and wouldn’t do – and what I could and couldn’t do with them!

How do you relax? What interests do you have other than writing? Writing’s the day job rather than an interest. I read mostly, watch documentaries, nature and history programmes on television and occasionally perform at my local theatre. I also go to as many gigs played by my children as I can.

Are you into social networking, and in what way do you feel it helps your career? I was pushed into it by my publishers, but now love it. I use Facebook for keeping up with the family and non-writer friends and Twitter for the writerly stuff. I’ve found new readers, been stocked by new bookshops, had events organised for me and made new friends through Twitter.

What is your latest book? Murder At The Manor, the ninth Libby Sarjeant adventure, out on November 7th in paperback and ebook.

Can you tell us something of your work in progress? Murder By Magic, the tenth Libby and Fran adventure, to which I’ve already referred. This is the one where I’m have to completely rewrite what I’ve done so far – not good when it’s due out on June 7th 2012!

And finally, what advice would you give a new writer? Read, read, read. Make sure you know what’s being published in your preferred genre. Established writers may be allowed to take risks, new writers rarely so. And don’t make the mistake of self-publishing your first finished novel, even if the stories of self e-pubbing tempt you. Serve your apprenticeship first.  Oh – and read.

Thank you, Lesley, for being such a great guest and for your insights about writing. Good luck with Murder at the Manor.

Find out more from Lesley’s website